Analysis of operational issues in hydrothermal liquefaction and supercritical water gasification processes: a review

Abstract Biomass is often referred to as a carbon–neutral energy source, and it has role in reducing fossil fuel depletion. In addition, biomass can be converted efficiently into various forms of biofuels. The conversion processes involve several thermochemical, biochemical, hydrothermal methods for treatment integration. most common routes produce biofuels include pyrolysis gasification processes. On the other hand, supercritical water (SCWG) liquefaction (HTL) are best suitable converting waste with high moisture content. Despite promising efficiencies, SCWG HTL introduce operational issues obstacles industrialization these technologies. process safety aspects due operation conditions, plugging solid deposition, corrosion, pumpability feedstock, catalyst sintering deactivation, production costs. address reactor configurations avoid optimizing conditions minimize issues. However, there only few studies investigating main scope, reviews seldomly available this regard. Therefore, further research required problems. This study problems HTL. objective enhance by potential solutions, i.e., contributing elimination obstacles. A comprehensive on provides holistic overview technologies biorefinery concepts promote